Comparisons

51. Equal Comparisons with Adjectives or Adverbs: [message]       S + V + as + adj/ adv + as...       Ex: A boy of sixteen is often...

51. Equal Comparisons with Adjectives or Adverbs:

• [message]
•       S + V + as + adj/ adv + as...
•       Ex: A boy of sixteen is often as tall as his father. /John sings as well as his sister

52. Nagative Comparisons with Adjectives or Adverbs.

• [message]
•       S + V + not + so/ as + adj/ adv + as...
•       Ex: Your coffee is not so/as good as mine. /Jim didn't do as well in his examination as he had hoped.

53. Comparative
      - Short adjectives and short adverbs
      - Two syllable adjectives, especially with "y" ending.

• [message]
•          short adj/adv + ER + than
•          Ex: He is stronger than his friend. /Ann works harder than most of her friends. /The examination was easier than we expected.

54. Comparative
      - Long adjectives and long adverbs
      - "Y" is at the end.

• [message]
•         more + long adj/adv_ly + than
•         Ex: Lesson 10 is more difficult than lesson 9. /Mrs Kent walks more slowly than Mr. Kent.

55. Before the comparative of adjectives and adverbs, we can use: A BIT, A LITTLE, MUCH, A LOT, FAR, RATHER
      Ex: Don't go by train. It's much more expensive.
             Her illness was far more serious than we at first thought.
             Mary works a lot harder than most of her friends.
56. Irregular Comparative Forms
      - Good/ well ---> better
      - Bad/ badly ---> worse
      - Far             ---> farther/ further
      - Much/ many ---> more
      - Little             ---> less
        Ex: Let me ask him. I know him better than you do.
              The situation was much worse than we expected.
57. Superlative with short adjectives and  short adverbs.

• [message]
•       THE + short adj/adv + EST
•       Ex: Yesterday is the hottest day of the year. /Let's see who can shoot the straightest

58. Superlative with Long Adjectives and Long Adverbs.

• [message]
•       THE + MOST + long adj / (THE) + MOST + long adv
•       Ex: Lesson 20 is the most difficult. /The engine runs most quietly at 6,000 revolutions per minute.

59. When MOST means VERY, we can use MOST + ADJECTIVE (without THE)
       Ex: The book you lent me was most interesting.
60. After Superlative, we can use IN with singular nouns (place) and OF with plural nouns (among many)
      Ex: What is the longest river in the world?
             Jane is the tallest of the three sisters.
             Exception: of one's life, of the year.
             Today is the happinest day of my life.
61. Irregular Superlative Forms
      - Good/ well ---> best
      - Bad/ badly ---> worst
      - Far             ---> farthest/ furthest
      - Much/ many ---> most
      - Little        ---> least
        Ex: He went (the) furthest of the explorers.
              He likes swimming best
62. Double  Comparative with Short Adjectives and Short Adverbs:
        adj + ER + and + adj + ER
        adv + ER + and + adv + ER
        Ex: The cost of living has become higher and higher.
              He ran faster and faster.
63. Double Comparative with Long Adjectives and Long Adverbs:
      more and more + long adj/ adv
      Ex: It's becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
64. Double Comparative with Nouns:
      more and more + N
      Ex: These days more people are learning English.
65. Associated Comparative Describe a Parallel Increase
      The + adj + er + S + V, the + adj + er + S + V
      The + adv + er + S + V, the + adv + er + S + V
      The more + adj + S + V, the more + adj + S + V
      The more + N + S + V, the more + S + V
       Ex: The warmer the weather is, the better I feel.
              The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive.
              The more you study, the smarter you will become.
              The more knowledge we have, the wiser we become.
66. Nouns Can Be Used in Comparative:
      Equal Comparative:
       ... as + many/ much/ little/ few + N + as ....
      Ex: He earns as much money as his brother.
             Before payday, I have as little money as my brother.
67. Nagative Comparative with Nouns:
      ... not as + many/ much/ little/ few + N + as ...
      Ex: Tom hasn't drunk as much wine as Jim.
             Jim hasn't smoked as many cigarettes as Tom.
68. Comparative with Nouns Can Be Described:
      ... more/ fewer/ less + N + than ...
      Ex: I have more books than she.
            February has fewer days than March.
            Their work allows them less freedom than ours does.
69. Superlative with Nouns Can Be Describe:
       ... + the most/ fewest/ least + N ...
      Ex: You've got the most cassettes of anyone I know.
             This station plays the least music.
70. Multiple Number Comparative with Adjectives:
      ... half/ twice/ three times/ four times + as + adj + as ...
      Ex: The Eiffel Tower is twice as high as Notre Dame.
             Notre Dame is half  as high as the Eiffel Tower.
71. Multiple Number Comparative with Nouns:
      half/ twice/ three times/ four times... + as + much/ many + N  + as ...
      Ex: John has four times as many records now as I had last year.
             I drank half as much milk yesterday as Mary does every day.
72. Logical Comparisons is Necessary
      Ex: John's car runs better than Mary's. (Mary's = Mary's car)
      The climate in Dalat is as mild as is that of London.
      Classes in the university are more difficult than those in the college.
73. Words in Comparison of Nouns: alike, like, similar, the same.
      Ex: Mary's hat is like/ similar to/the same as Jane's.
             Mary's hat and Jane's are alike/ similar/ the same.
74. LIKE and AS in Comparisons:
    - Like (proposition) + N/ pronoun
      As (conjunction) + clause
      Ex: You should have done it LIKE this
             You should have done it AS I showed you.
    - AS (proposition: real) > < LIKE (proposition: unreal)
      Ex: During the war this hotel was used AS a hospital (real hospital)
             Everyone is ill at home. Our house is LIKE a hospital (unreal hospital)